Résumé

As a recent German immigrant in 1879, Guenther lived initially in the New York, NY, area. He moved periodically for work, residing during his lifetime in New York (c. 1880-1886), San Antonio, TX (c. 1886-1887), Laredo, TX (1887), San Diego, CA (1887-1888), Spokane, WA (1889-1896), Fresno, CA (c. 1896), New Westminster, BC (c. 1899), Vancouver, BC (c. 1900-1907 and 1912-1914), San Francisco, CA (1906-1912), and Seattle, WA (1918-1934). Architectural historians Donald Luxton and Dennis A. Andersen referred to Guenther having a "very checkered background," and it appears that he moved frequently due to scrapes with the law as well as opportunism. During his lifetime, he was accused of embezzlement and bigamy, although it is not clear if he was convicted of ether charge. He moved to at least two locations, Spokane, WA, and New Westminster, BC, just after they experienced fires in 1889 and 1898, respectively. Luxton and Andersen wrote: "On the frontier, it was difficult to confirm official records, especially for 'foreigners,' and census information was volunteered, so it was easy to change one's name or age. The best evidence is that his birthname was Emil Guenther von Swartzenberg, and that he was born in Germany on May 4, 1855." (See Donald Luxton and Dennis A. Andersen, "Emil Guenther Born 1855," in Building the West The Early Architects of British Columbia, Donald Luxton, ed., [Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks, 2003], p. 244.)

Draftsman, Wahrenberger and Beckmann, Architects, San Antonio, TX, 1885. (See San Antonio, Texas, City Directory, 1885, p. 159.) Austin-born architect James Wahrenberger (1855-1929) trained in the US, Switzerland and Germany, became "...the first Texas architect with a professional architecture degree." (See Christopher Long, Texas State Historical Associatio.org, "Handbook of Texas: Wahnrenberger, James," published 06/15/2010, accessed 01/27/2020.) He graduated with a three-year architecture degree from the Polytechnische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, Germany, founded in 1825. Albert Felix Beckmann (1855-1900), like Wahrenberger, was born in Texas in 1855 and received some architectural training in Germany. He came back to San Antonio in 1880 and created his partnership with Wahrhenberger in 1883. Wahenrberger and Beckmann operated a successful practice until about 1891. According to historian Christopher Long, "Among their most notable works in San Antonio were the White Elephant Saloon on Alamo Plaza, Dr. Kalteyer's Drug Store on Military Plaza, the City-County Hospital on San Fernando Hill (1886), and the original Joske's Store (1887, now demolished) at Alamo and Commerce streets. They also designed houses for many of the city's well-to-do residents, including Carl Hummel (1884), Edward Steves, Jr. (1884), Mrs. A. Elmendorf, E. Elmendorf, A. Nette, J. Minter, R. Pereida, S. Brewer, and others. In addition, Wahrenberger and Beckmann collaborated on jails in Brackettville and Eagle Pass, a courthouse in Eagle Pass, and a customs and warehouse building and a federal office building in Piedras Negras, Coahuila (1891). Beckmann spent eighteen months in Piedras Negras overseeing the construction." (See Christopher Long, Texas State Historical Association.org, "Handbook of Texas: Beckmann, Albert Felix," published 06/12/2010, accessed 01/27/2020.)

Beckmann married a woman named "Marie Guenther," on 03/10/1886, during the time that Emil Guenther lived in the city. Whether or not she was a relative of Emil is not known. (See Christopher Long, Texas State Historical Association.org, "Handbook of Texas: Beckmann, Albert Felix," published 06/12/2010, accessed 01/27/2020.)

Principal, Emil Guenther, Architect and Superintendent, San Antonio, TX, c. 1886-1887. In 1887, Guenther had an office in the Smith Building on the northwest corner of West Commerce Street, Soledad Street and the Main Plaza. (See San Antonio, Texas, City Directory, 1887, p. 165.)Guenther was one of seven architectural firms listed in in Morrison and Fourmy's Business Directory of the city of San Antonio, 1887-1888. (See Morrison and Fourmy's San Antonio Business Directory, 1887-1888, p. 362.)

An article in the German-language San Antonio newspaper, Freie Presse für Texas, stated that Guenther had a contract for two boarding houses in San Antonio in 1886. "Der Architect Herr Emil Gunther nahm Angebote für den Bau zweier einstodiger Bretterbauser in der Binesstrage entgegen. Die Angebote variirten von $2,470 bis $4,320." (See "Allerlei," Freie Presse für Texas, 03/26/1886, p. 4.)

Guenther also practiced very briefly in Laredo, TX in early 1887, while fleeing indictment in San Antonio.

Principal, Emil Guenther, Architect, San Diego, CA, 1887. His office was located at 1529 F Street in San Diego in 1887. (See San Diego City and County Directory 1887-1888, p. 155.) A notice in the San Diego Union in 1887 said: ""Emil Guenther, architect, is preparing plans for the Scandinavian Hall, to be built on Second Street, between G and H." (See "The Builders," San Diego Union, 09/18/1887, p. 2.)

Principal, Emil Guenther, Architect, Spokane, WA, 1890-c. 1896. In 1893, Guenther had an office Rooms #19 and 20 of the Eagle Building in Spokane. (See R.L. Polk and Company's Spokane, WA, City Directory, 1893.)

Principal, Emil Guenther, Architect, Fresno, CA, c. 1896. A short notice in the San Francisco Call of 1896 stated: "Fresno is to have a German newspaper to be called the Tribune, the editor of which will be Emil Guenther, an architect of Fresno." (See "Coast Exchanges," San Francisco Call, 08/17/1896, p. 6.)

Principal, Guenther and [T.] Van Aken, Architects, New Westminster, BC, c. 1898-1899.

Principal, Emil Guenther, Architect, Vancouver, BC, Canada, c. 1900-1906, c. 1912-1917. In 1899, Guenther had his office in the Inns of Court Building, Vancouver. (See Vancouver City Directory, 1899, p. 168.) While working in New Westminster and Vancouver, BC, Guenther designed several hotels between 1898 and 1912. Early on during this period, hotel buildings would have served miners traveling north to the Klondike gold fields. Later, increasing numbers of tourists and prospective residents utilized hotels.

Principal, Emil Guenther, Architect, San Francisco, CA, 1906-1908. An advertisement in the San Francisco Call of 06/17/1906, p. 26, listed his temporary office at 1664 Post Street. His business address was listed as 235 Kearny Street in 1907. (See (See San Francisco, California, City Directory, 1907, p. 1743.)His office was in the Shreve Building in 1908. (See San Francisco, California, City Directory, 1908, p. 789.)

President, Architectural Engineering Company, San Francisco, CA, 1909-1912. The San Francisco, California, City Directory, 1909, indicated that he was President of the Architectural Engineering Company at 210 Post Street. (See San Francisco, California, City Directory, 1909, p. 706.) He continued to be President of the Architectural Engineering Company in 1912. (See San Francisco, California, City Directory, 1912, p. 755.)

Principal, Emil Guenther, Architect, Seattle, WA, 1918-1934. During the period 1920 through 1929, Guenther leased an office on the fifth floor of the Railway Exchange Building in Seattle, variously recorded as Room #519, 520 and 521. (See Seattle, Washington, City Directory, 1920, p. 1926 and Seattle, Washington, City Directory, 1929, p. 1968.) By 1930, his office was on a lower (and presumably less expensive floor), Room #309 of the same building. (See Seattle, Washington, City Directory, 1930, p. 702.) His office continued to be here in 1934. (See Seattle, Washington, City Directory, 1934, p. 1587.) His name no longer appeared in the architect's listing of theSeattle, Washington, City Directory, 1935.

Professional Activities

Member, Washington State Architect, Board of Trustees, 1922. The Washington State Architect, a periodical owned by the Washington State Architect Publishing Company was in operation in 1922. Its president was Harry H. James. and Edgar Black, its secretary. Members of the board of trustees included Clayton D. Wilson, Emil Guenther, Julius A. Zittel and Watson Vernon. (See "Directory of Washington Newspapers," Washington Newspaper: A Publication Dedicated to the Study and Improvement of Journalism in Washington, vol. 7, no. 12, 09/1922, p. 379.)

College

According to Luxton and Andersen, Guenther obtained a university education in Berlin. They wrote: "He received a university education and studied architecture under the 'best masters' in Berlin, and for three years after completing his studies remained in Berlin, working for the government, erecting military barracks and other buildings." (See Donald Luxton and Dennis A. Andersen, "Emil Guenther Born 1855," in Building the West The Early Architects of British Columbia, Donald Luxton, ed., [Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks, 2003], p. 244.)

Relocation

Emil Guenther had been born in Berlin, Germany, according to a passenger manifest of 06/02/1917. The US Censuses of 1910, 1920 and 1930 indicated that Guenther immigrated to the US from Germany in 1879, landing in New York, NY, and that of 1920 recorded that he had been naturalized by 1889. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation National Archives and Records Administration; Washington, D.C.; Index to Aliens, Not Including Filipinos, East Indians, and Chinese, Arriving by Vessel or at the Land Border at Seattle, Washington; NAI Number: 2945984; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787-2004; Record Group Number: 85; Series Number: A3691; Roll Number: 4, accessed 12/18/2019.)

Between 1879 and 1898, Guenther indicated on a 06/02/1917 passenger manifest, that he had lived in New York and California. He also had resided in San Antonio, TX and Laredo, TX, both not mentioned on the form. Guenther's responses on official forms appear to have been fabricated frequently. When he lived in New York, San Antonio (1885-1887) and San Diego (1887-1889), Guenther suggested that he came from Prussian nobility, and called himself "Emil Guenther von Swartzenberg." It is not clear if this name, too, had been fabricated.

The San Antonio, Texas, City Directory, 1885, (p. 159) recorded that he lived "south of Mill near the San Antonio River." He made his residence at 228 Rusk Street in San Antonio, as per the San Antonio, Texas, City Directory, 1887, (p. 165).

Guenther ran afoul of the law in San Antonio. He was accused of impersonating German nobility, bigamy and embezzlement in 1887. The Dallas Morning News recounted this tale on 03/18/1887: "Quite a breeze was created in social circles to-day over the arrest of Count Emil Guenther, who very recently established himself in Laredo as an architect. Up to this writing, the distinguished prisoner has been unable to give bond. The charge against him is for embezzlement in San Antonio. Count Guenther will be remembered as the gentleman who figured so extensively in the courts of San Antonio as a too-much married man." (See "Editor Arrested for Libel," Dallas Morning News, 03/18/1887, p. 3.) The same newspaper followed up a day later with this story: "Emil Guether, the architect who figured a few months ago as the bigamous Count Emil Karl Frederick Von Schwarzenberg, and was indicted by the grand jury, is in trouble again. This time he is indicted for alleged embezzlement of forfeit money put up with him as architect by contractors whose bids for building work were invited. Guenther had gone to Laredo, and a deputy sheriff went down and effected his capture yesterday evening. The prisoner was lodged in the Bexar County Jail this evening. The indictment for bigamy is still pending." (See "San Antonion Siftings," Dallas Morning News, March 19, 1887, p. 5.)

The Dallas Morning News reported two months later: "Emil Guenther, who claims to be a German Count, and who was indicted by the grand jury of the District Court for bigamy, pleaded guilt this morning to a charge of fornication and was fined $300." (See "San Antonio Siftings," Dallas Morning News, 05/17/1887, p. 5.) The Dallas Weekly Herald ran a story a few days later: "German Count Emil Guenther was found guilty of a disgraceful charge and fined $500 at San Antonio yesterday." (See "News by Telegraph," Dallas Weekly Herald, 05/21/1887, p. 3.) It is likely that he left town soon after pleading guilty and paying his fine.

From Texas, Guenther relocated to San Diego, CA, for about one year, 1887-1888. His time was probably cut short there because of his abandonment of Flora Berger and his three children in San Antonio.

The Spokane, Washington, City Directory, 1890, indicated that Guenther lived in the Ross Park Addition neighborhood of the city. A Ross Park house in which Guenther lived with four children burned in a mysterious fire on 06/17/1892. The Morning Oregonian of Portland stated: "The handsome residence of Emil Guenther, in Ross Park, was burned to the ground about 2:30 o'clock this morning. The origin of the fire is a mystery. Mr. Guenther was awakened by the smell of smoke and by the time he reached the lower floor, the whole house was ablaze. Four small children were rescued with difficulty, one of them a girl, having her hair burned almost entirely off her head. The loss will reach $12,000, with insurance of $7500. Mr. Guenther loses everything he had in the house. The residence was one of the finest in the city. There are a number of indications that the fire was of incendiary origin." (See "Residence Burned," Morning Oregonian, 06/17/1892, p. 3. See also "Guenther's Fine House Burned," Tacoma Daily News, 06/18/1892, p. 7.) He continued to live at East 2008 Crescent Avenue, Ross Park, in Spokane from 1893 until 1895. (See Spokane, Washington, City Directory, 1893 and Spokane, Washington, City Directory, 1895, p. 256.)

It appears that Guenther worked in Fresno, CA, in 1896-1897.

The architect reappeared in New Westminster, BC, in 1898-1899, where he operated in a brief, professional practice with a partner named "T. Van Aken." (See Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800-1950.org. "Guenther, Emil," accessed 01/30/2020.)

Guenther and his wife resided in Vancouver, BC, Canada, between c. 1900 and 1906. According to the Canadian Census of 1901, Guenther and his wife, Mamie, had a residence in the Burrard district of Vancouver, BC. This census indicated that both Emil and Mamie had been born in Germany, came to Canada in 1880 and were naturalized in 1884. Emil Guenther, however, did not arrive in Canada in 1880, nor was he naturalized a Canadian citizen four years later. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1901; Census Place: Vancouver (City/Cité), Burrard, British Columbia; Page: 7; Family No: 65, accessed 01/27/2020.)

He resided in San Francisco between c. 1906 and 1911, but returned to Vancouver by about 1912. Guenther traveled from Victoria, BC, to San Francisco, CA, arriving in the latter city on 06/11/1906, aboard the S.S. Queen, perhaps a steamship affiliated with the Northern Pacific Railway. He appears to have arrived in San Francisco approximately two months after the Earthquake and Fire of 04/18/1906. The passenger manifest of the S.S. Queen listed Guenther's nationality as Canadian. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation The National Archives at Washington, D.C.; Washington, D.C.; Customs Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at San Francisco; NAI Number: 4478116; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787-2004; Record Group Number: 85, accessed 12/19/2019.)

An "Emil Bernard Gunther" (born 10/10/1876 in San Francisco, CA), a draper, also lived in San Francisco during the time Emil C.F. Guenther was in town.

The architect had an apartment at 1551 Laguna Street in San Francisco, CA, according to the US Census of 1910. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1910; Census Place: San Francisco Assembly District 40, San Francisco, California; Roll: T624_101; Page: 10B; Enumeration District: 0250; FHL microfilm: 1374114, accessed 12/18/2019.) By 1911-1912, he dwelled at 321 Bush Street. (See San Francisco, California, City Directory, 1911, p. 729, and San Francisco, California, City Directory, 1912, p. 755.)

By 1912, Guenther dwelled in Vancouver, BC, and had gotten Canadian citizenship, as noted on the form. It appears that he could not get further architectural work in Canada after the country's entry into World War I (along with the Britain and other parts of its empire) on 08/04/1914. He left Canada by 1917. A passenger manifest document of 06/02/1917 listed his point of departure to have been Vancouver, BC, and his final destination, Seattle. He traveled between Vancouver, BC, and Seattle, again in 02/1918. This 1918 document also indicated that Guenther had resided in Vancouver. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation National Archives and Records Administration; Washington, D.C.; Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at Seattle, Washington; NAI Number: 4449160; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787 - 2004; Record Group Number: 85; Series Number: M1383; Roll Number: 31, accessed 12/18/2019.)

Guenther had a Seattle apartment at 2117 1/2 1st Avenue in 1918. (See Seattle, Washington, City Directory, 1918, p. 849.)

In 1920, Guenther rented an apartment at 910 Stewart Street with his 89-year-old father-in-law, Adolph Berger (born c. 1831 in Germany) and daughter, Clara Guenther, (born c. 1890 in NY). In 1920, she worked as a bookkeeper for a local coal company. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1920; Census Place: Seattle, King, Washington; Roll: T625_1928; Page: 1B; Enumeration District: 204, accessed 12/18/2019.) The architect continued to reside at this address in 1930, paying a monthly rent of $30. He lived in Apartment C1 in 1933. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1930; Census Place: Seattle, King, Washington; Page: 11B; Enumeration District: 0118; FHL microfilm: 2342232, accessed 12/18/2019.) He lived in Apartment C1 at 910 Stewart from at least 1931 until 1933. (See Seattle, Washington, City Directory, 1931, p. 682 and Seattle, Washington, City Directory, 1933, p. 642.)

Parents

According to baptismal records, Guenther was born on 05/04/1855 and baptized on 06/08/1855 in the Protestant Evangelische Kirche, Sophienkirche, Berlin. His mother was Henriette Michaelis Günther, his father, Carl Friedrich Günther.

Spouse

Guenther noted on a US Census form that he had married twice, although it is not clear who Guenther's wives were. According to Luxton and Andersen, Guenther had met Flora Berger, whom he had met on an ship crossing from Europe to the US c. 1880. With her, he had had three children, raised while the couple lived in New York and San Antonio, TX, between 1880 and 1887.

He apparently left Flora Berger in San Antonio, who died there in 1887. How she died was unclear, but her father, Albert Berger, pursued Guenther and his new spouse, a "Mrs. Murphy," in San Diego, where he raised questions about the architect''s desertion of his wife and children and for bigamy. Apparently, Guenther denied having married Flora Berger, but stated that he had made a verbal promise to do so. Clearly, this kind of scandal would not be good for an architect, and Guenther was forced to flee San Diego, for Spokane, WA.

While he lived in Spokane, the Morning Oregonian listed a Spokane Superior Court case between "M.A. Guenther vs. Emil Guenther, $1495.20." (See "Washington Notes," Morning Oregonian, 03/12/1897, p. 3.)

The 1901 Canadian Census listed Emil Guenther's wife to have been "Mamie Guenther" (born 05/05/1857 in Germany). (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1901; Census Place: Vancouver (City/Cité), Burrard, British Columbia; Page: 7; Family No: 65, accessed 01/27/2020.) Mamie is often a nickname used for women named Mary or Margaret.

According to the 1910 US Census. He had been married 23 years in his current marriage as per the census form. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1910; Census Place: San Francisco Assembly District 40, San Francisco, California; Roll: T624_101; Page: 10B; Enumeration District: 0250; FHL microfilm: 1374114, accessed 12/18/2019.) His wife was also recorded as "Emma Frickie," who had died by 1920.

An "Emma Fricke," (born c. 1858 in Prussia), entered the US in New York, NY, with her mother, Christine Fricke (born c. 1823 in Prussia), on 10/18/1881. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1881; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: M237, 1820-1897; Microfilm Roll: Roll 443; Line: 6; List Number: 1462, accessed 12/19/2019.) Another Emma Fricke, born 08/1857 in MO, was listed in the 1900 US census as living in Saint Louis, MO, in 1900. She was the daugher of Henry and Susan Schaub and had been married for 8 years but was divorced by 1900. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1900; Census Place: St Louis Ward 13, St Louis (Independent City), Missouri; Page: 1; Enumeration District: 0198; FHL microfilm: 1240894, accessed 12/19/2019.)

The 1920 and 1930 US Censuses noted that he was a widower.

His WA death certificate of 1935 indicated that his spouse was "Ellen Guenther." (See Ancestry.com, Source Information Ancestry.com. Washington, Select Death Certificates, 1907-1960 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014, accessed 12/19/2019.)

Children

It is not clear how many children Guenther had. The clearest indication that he did have children was the 1920 US Census form, that listed his daughter having been Clara Guenther (born c. 1890 in NY). This census form also listed his father-in-law's last name as "Berger." It also listed the mother having been born in NY State. A birth certificate for a Clara Guenther, born 12/13/1891 in Manhattan, NY, exists. (See Ancestry.com, Source Information: New York, New York, Extracted Birth Index, 1878-1909 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014, accessed 12/19/2019.)

As noted above, a newspaper article in the Morning Oregonian of06/17/1892 indicated that Guenther had four children living with him when his house burned in that year.

An Emil Guenther, perhaps not the architect, had a son, Alfred A.A. Guenther (born in MO). Alfred A.A. Guenther married Marie Lina Ely on 04/14/1914 in Vancouver, WA. WA State marriage documents noted that Alfred's father was Emil Guenther, his mother, "Emma Frickie" (born in MO). (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Washington State Archives; Olympia, Washington; Washington Marriage Records, 1854-2013, accessed 12/19/2019.)

Biographical Notes

The 1880 US Census listed a 24-year-old, German-born Emil Guenther, a bookkeeper, living in Cincinnati, OH. Cincinnati had a large German-American population at the time, and this may not have been the same Emil Guenther, as it was a relatively common name at the time. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation Year: 1880; Census Place: Cincinnati, Hamilton, Ohio; Roll: 1027; Page: 426D; Enumeration District: 162, accessed 12/19/2019.)

The birthdate for Guenther came from the Canadian National Census of 1901. This census indicated that Guenther immigrated to North America in 1880 and was naturalized in 1884. As noted above, the dates given in the Canadian and US Censuses do not agree. The immigration date varied from that recorded in US Cenuses of 1910, 1920 and 1930, which recorded his arrival date as 1879. The 1920 Census noted his date of naturalization as 1889.

An article in the Seattle Daily Times in 1903 indicated that Guenther had sold North Vancouver land containing oil on it to a representative of the Standard Oil Company. It wrote: "Petroluem has been discovered in North Vancouver, across the harbor from Vancouver proper. Emil Guenther, who took up the land, has bonded it to a man who, he declares, represents the Standard Oil Company. The purchaser is incorporating a company in British Columbia, stocked for $250,000, to sink wells on the land." (See "Petroleum Found in Vancouver," Seattle Daily Times, 09/18/1903, p. 2.) A year later, another Seattle Daily Times story, confirmed that Guenther claimed to have found oil, but that he had misled others about its exact location to enable himself to buy as much land in the area where oil was seeping to the surface as possible. According to this report, Guenther heard about the oil ooze from a man hunting in the area. It stated: "About that time Mr. Guenther fell and injured his leg and a long siege in the hospital prevented his doing more than securing an option on the property where the phenonomenon was noticed. On his recovery a company of well-known citizens was organized and negotiations are now in progress for the purchase in the States of a $16,000 plant. Mr. Guenther says there is no probability about the matter; that the company actually has an oil well for boring, for the oil is already oozing from the surface. Members of the company who have visited the spot express themselves as anxious to advance the necessary capital for the plant." (See "Vancouver Bores for Oil," Seattle Daily Times, 05/13/1904, p. 5.)

The passenger identification form of 06/02/1917 listed Guenther as standing 5-feet, 10-inches tall, with gray hair and blue eyes. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation National Archives and Records Administration; Washington, D.C.; Index to Aliens, Not Including Filipinos, East Indians, and Chinese, Arriving by Vessel or at the Land Border at Seattle, Washington; NAI Number: 2945984; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787-2004; Record Group Number: 85; Series Number: A3691; Roll Number: 4, accessed 12/18/2019.) An alien certificate of the US Department of Labor dated 06/02/1917, noted that Emil Guenther, at age 62, stood 5-feet, 10-inches tall, weighed 165 pounds, and had gray hair and blue eyes. This document noted that Guenther entered the US in Seattle and "surrendered at" Victoria, BC. (See Ancestry.com, Source Citation: The National Archives at Washington, D.C.; Washington, D.C.; Head Tax Certificates (Form 524, Nonexempt Aliens) Surrendered upon Admission to the United States; National Archives Microfilm Publication: A4086; NAI Number: 3000094; Record Group Title: Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1787 - 2004; Record Group Number: 85, accessed 12/19/2019.)